Programming with C Tutorial - Part 2

Variables and Arrays :



A variable is an identifier that is used to represent a single data item i.e. a numerical quantity or a character constant. The data item must be assigned to the variable and this will then be easily accessible from the program by referring the variable name. A simple example of declaring and using variables is given below :

int a, b, c;
char d;
float e, f; 

a = 1;
b = 2;
c = 3; 

d = 'a'; 

e = 4.01;
f = 5.02; 

c = a + b;

Beginner's Guide To Travel With Perl - Part 9

Sorting:

There is a built-in sort function/subroutine in Perl for sorting array elements. This is done by just writing "sort @name_of_the_array;". But it sorts the elements alphabetically according to their ASCII value. This sort function sorts lexically
Example:

use strict;
main(@ARGV);
sub main
{
    my @arr = ("abc", "abcd", "defg", "def", "ijklm", "ijkl", "nop", "nop", "aaa", "AAA");
    print "before sort : @arr\n";        #before sort : abc abcd defg def ijklm ijkl nop nop aaa AAA
    @arr = sort @arr;
    print "after sort : @arr\n";        #after sort : AAA aaa abc abcd def defg ijkl ijklm nop nop
}

Programming with C Tutorial - Part 1

Now-a-days, C is the basic language to learn programming. To learn programming using C is so much easy. Here, the basic things and fundamentals of C programming will be described. Hope it will help the beginners.

C Character Set:

C uses the uppercase letters A - Z,  the lowercase letters a - z,  the digits 0 - 9, and certain special characters
as building blocks to  form basic  program elements (e.g., constants, variables, operators, expressions, etc.).
The special characters are -
+     -     *     /     =     %     &     #     !     ?     ^     "     '     ~     \ 
|     <     >     (     )     [     ]     {     }     :     ;     .     ,     _      (blank space)

Web designing - HTML Tutorial - 8

HTML Forms:

Forms in HTML are used with <form> tag. It starts with <form> and ends with </form>. <form> tag has some attributes like "name", "action", "method" etc.

There are several input elements in HTML form. Some of them are text field, password field, radio button, check box, button (submit or reset), drop down list etc.

Web designing - HTML Tutorial - 7

Lists in HTML:

Lists are of two kinds. They are -
                                               1. ordered list
                                               2. unordered list

For unordered list, <ul> tag is used - <ul> for starting and </ul> for ending the tag. ul stands for "unordered list".
For ordered list, <ol> tag is used - <ol> for starting and </ol> for ending the tag. ol stands for "ordered list".

<li> tag is used for each list element - <li> is for starting and </li> for ending.

Web designing - HTML Tutorial - 6

Formatting Text:
 
While typing in a word processor (i.e. Microsoft Office or Open Office), we can write our text with different formatting. In HTML, we can also do the same. Let's say something about the formatting.

• Bold: "<b>" tag is used. "<b>" for start and "</b>" for end;
• Strong: "<strong>" tag is used. "<strong>" for start and "</strong>" for end;

Web designing - HTML Tutorial - 5

Paragraph Tag (<p>, </p>) :
We may need to create paragraph while designing web page. We can do it by using "<p>" tag.The starting tag will be "<p>" and the ending tag will be "</p>". If we forget to use the ending tag, the browser may display the paragraph erroneously. But fortunately, most browsers can display paragraph correctly even if we forget to use the ending tag ("</p>"). Forgetting to use the tag is not a good practice.

Beginner's Guide To Travel With Perl - Part 8

Function

So, what will be the next? It’s function. In Perl, functions have another name “Subroutines”. It’s almost easy like other programming languages. Let’s see some examples:

Example1:

use strict;
sub pr { #description of subroutine
print "inside the subroutine\n";
}
print "subroutine example\n";
print "calling it\n";
&pr; #calling subroutine, only “pr” also works here
print "The End\n";

Beginner's Guide To Travel With Perl - Part 7

Input/Output from user

Let’s see how to take input from user. It can easily be done by . stands for standard input. It can be abbreviated by using simple <>. By declaring a scalar variable and setting it equal to we set the variable equal to whatever will be typed by our user at the command prompt. But here’s a little problem. When we give input in command prompt and press enter, the variable also takes the newline character with the input. As a result an extra newline is printed while printing the value of the variable. To get rid of this problem we can use chomp() function. This function simply removes any erroneous line breaks and spacing from the end of our string.

Beginner's Guide To Travel With Perl - Part 6

Built-in Operators

Arithmetic Operator :

+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division

Beginner's Guide To Travel With Perl - Part 5

Scope - Something Important

It’s time to say something important now. We can declare any variable in two ways – First is writing variable name with $ sign and assigning a value to it. The second is to write variable name $ sign and adding “my” before it when the variable is used first time.

Beginner's Guide To Travel With Perl - Part 4

Branching

We may have to use condition in some programs. The syntax will be the following:
if ( condition ) {
...
} elsif ( other condition ) {
...
} else {
...
}

Beginner's Guide To Travel With Perl - Part 3

Variables

It’s time to say something about variables now. Perl has three types of variables: scalars, arrays and hashes. Let’s think of them as “things”, “lists” and “dictionaries”. All variable names are a punctuation character, a letter or underscore, and one or more alphanumeric characters or underscores in Perl.

Beginner's Guide To Travel With Perl - Part 2

Strings

Let’s say something about strings. A string is a group of characters between two single quotes or two double quotes. If the characters are bounded with single quotes, the elements are not interpreted. But if they are bounded with double quotes, it means that the contents should be interpreted.

Beginner's Guide To Travel With Perl - Part 1

Something about Perl

Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions and become widely popular amongst programmers. Perl borrows features from other programming languages including C, shell scripting (sh), AWK, and sed. The language provides powerful text processing facilities without the arbitrary data length limits of many contemporary Unix tools, facilitating easy manipulation of text files. Perl gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting language, in part due to its parsing abilities.

Configuring a WEB or HTTP Server using Microsoft Windows Server 2003 OS

.:: Web Server ::.

A web server can be referred to as either the hardware, the computer or the software, the computer application that helps to deliver content that can be accessed through the internet. Most people think a web server is just the hardware computer, but a web server is also referred to as the software computer application that is installed in the hardware computer. A web server is what makes it possible to be able to access content like web pages, or other data from anywhere as long as it is connected to the internet. The hardware part is what houses the content, while the software part is what makes the content accessible through the internet. The most common use of web servers are to host websites but there are other uses like data storage or for running enterprise applications. There are also different ways to request content from a web server. The most common request is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), but there are also other requests like the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) or the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

Configuring a FTP Server using Microsoft Windows Server 2003 OS

.:: File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) ::.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to copy a file from one host to another over a TCP/IP based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between the client and server. FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it.

Configuring a DNS Server using Microsoft Windows Server 2003 OS

.:: DNS Server ::.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system built on a distributed database for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the domain name www.google.com translates to the addresses 209.85.146.104 (IPV4).

Configuring a DHCP Server using Microsoft Windows Server 2003 OS

.:: DHCP SERVER ::.

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an auto configuration protocol used on IP networks. Computers that are connected to IP networks must be configured before they can communicate with other computers on the network. DHCP allows a computer to be configured automatically, eliminating the need for intervention by a network administrator. It also provides a central database for keeping track of computers that have been connected to the network. This prevents two computers from accidentally being configured with the same IP address.

Web designing - HTML Tutorial - 4

If we want to give a link on your web page, then you have to use the "<a>" tag. Here, you have to use the "href" attribute. A simple example is given below :